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C++ Plus Data Structures is designed for a course in Data Structures where C++ is the programming language. The book focuses on abstract data types as viewed from three All books. Contribute to mytestatoz/Books development by creating an account on GitHub cplusdatastructu00dale Full catalog record MARCXML 0 Previews 1 Favorite Purchase options Better World Books DOWNLOAD OPTIONS 1 file ENCRYPTED DAISY For print-disabled 12/04/ · [DOWNLOAD] C++ Plus Data Structures by Nell Dale ~ Book PDF Kindle ePub Free April 12, Post a Comment �� Read Now �� Download Written By Renowned Author C Programming: Data Structures and Algorithms, Version DRAFT Introduction ix 08/12/08 Course Overview C Programming: Data Structures and Algorithms is a ten week course, ... read more
Sign up Log in. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. Search Metadata Search text contents Search TV news captions Search archived websites Advanced Search. remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. Try to list all the operations and information required to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. Information hiding lets us deal with only those operations and information needed at a particular level in the solution of a problem.
The concepts of abstraction and information hiding are fundamental principles of software engineering. We will come back to them again and again throughout this book. Besides helping us manage the complexity of a large system, abstraction and information hiding support our quality-related goals of modifiability and reusability. In a well-designed system, most modifications can be localized to just a few modules. Such changes are much easier to make than changes that permeate the entire system. Additionally, a good system design results in the creation of generic modules that can be used in other systems.
To achieve these goals, modules should be good abstractions with strong cohesion; that is, each module should have a single purpose or identity and the module should stick together well. A cohesive module can usually be described by a simple sentence. If you have to use several sentences or one very convoluted sentence to describe your module, it is probably not cohesive. Each module should also exhibit information hiding so that changes within it do not result in changes in the modules that use it. This independent quality of modules is known as loose coupling. If your module depends on the internal details of other modules, it is not loosely coupled. Stepwise Refinement In addition to concepts such as abstraction and information hiding, software developers need practical approaches to conquer complexity. Stepwise TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine!
For example, to write a book an author first determines the main theme and the major subthemes. Next, the chapter topics can be identified, followed by section and subsection topics. Outlines can be produced and further refined for each subsection. At some point the author is ready to add detail—to actually begin writing sentences. In general, with stepwise refinement, a problem is approached in stages. Similar steps are followed during each stage, with the only difference reflecting the level of detail involved.
The completion of each stage brings us closer to solving our problem. Each of these parts is, in turn, divided into sections, the sections are subdivided, and so on. The important feature is that details are deferred as long as possible as we move from a general to a specific solution. The outline approach to writing a book involves a form of top-down stepwise refinement. Bottom-up development is the opposite of the top-down approach. After the detailed components are identified and designed, they are brought together into increasingly higher-level components. This technique could be used, for example, by the author of a cookbook who first writes all the recipes and then decides how to organize them into sections and chapters. The main module of the design becomes the main program also called the main function , and subsections develop into functions.
This hierarchy of tasks forms the basis for functional decomposition, with the main program or function controlling the processing. The general function of the method is continually divided into subfunctions until the level of detail is considered fine enough to code. Functional decomposition is top-down stepwise refinement with an emphasis on functionality. First, the tangible items and events in the problem domain are identified and assigned to candidate classes and objects. Next, the external properties and relationships of these classes and objects are defined. Finally, the internal details are addressed; unless these are trivial, the designer must return to the first step for another round of design.
This approach entails top-down stepwise refinement with an emphasis on objects and data. Good software designers typically use a combination of the stepwise refinement techniques described here. We now look at some tools that can help us visualize our designs. Diagrams are used in many professions. For example, architects use blueprints, investors use market trend graphs, and truck drivers use maps. Software engineers use different types of diagrams and tables, such as the Unified Modeling Language UML and Class, Responsibility, and Collaboration CRC cards. The UML is used to specify, visualize, construct, and document the components of a software system. It combines the best practices that have evolved over the past several decades for modeling systems, and it is particularly well suited to modeling object-oriented designs. UML diagrams represent another form of abstraction. They hide implementation details and allow systems designers to concentrate on only the major design components.
UML includes a large variety of interrelated diagram types, each with its own set of icons and connectors. A very powerful development and modeling tool, it is helpful for modeling designs after they have been developed. In contrast, CRC cards help us determine our initial designs. CRC cards were first described by Beck and Cunningham,2 in , as a means to allow object-oriented programmers to identify a set of cooperating classes to solve a problem. Figure 1. It contains room for the following information about a class: 1.
Class name 2. Responsibilities of the class—usually represented by verbs and implemented by public functions called methods in object-oriented terminology 3. Collaborations—other classes or objects that are used in fulfilling the responsibilities 2K. Beck and W. They provide a physical manifestation of the building blocks of a system that allows programmers to walk through user scenarios, identifying and assigning responsibilities and collaborations. We discuss a problem-solving methodology using CRC cards in Chapter 3. UML is beyond the scope of this text, but we will use CRC cards throughout. Design Approaches We have defined the concept of a module, described the characteristics of a good module, and presented the concept of stepwise refinement as a strategy for defining modules. But what should these modules be?
How do we define them? One approach is to break the problem into functional subproblems do this, then do this, then do that. We explore both of these approaches in this section. Top-Down Design One method for designing software is based on the functional decomposition and top-down strategies. You may have learned this method in your introductory class. First the problem is broken into several large tasks. Each of these tasks is, in turn, divided into sections, the sections are subdivided, and so on. As we said previously, the key feature is that details are deferred as long as possible as we move from a general to a specific solution.
We then devise a general strategy for solving the problem by dividing it into manageable functional modules. Next, each of the large functional modules is subdivided into several tasks. This divide-and-conquer activity continues until we reach a level that can be easily translated into lines of code. Once it has been divided into modules, the problem is simpler to code into a wellstructured program. The functional decomposition approach encourages programming in logical units, using functions. Make Cake Get ingredients Mix cake ingredients Bake Cool Apply icing The problem now is divided into five logical units, each of which might be further decomposed into more detailed functional modules. Object-Oriented Design Another approach to designing programs is called objectoriented design OOD.
This methodology originated with the development of programs to simulate physical objects and processes in the real world. In a simulation, the top-down decomposition of the problem has already taken place. An engineer has designed a circuit or a mechanical device, a physicist has developed a model of a physical system, a biologist has developed an experimental model, an TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Mix liquid ingredients Mix dry ingredients Combine liquid and dry ingredients. As a programmer, your job is to take this problem decomposition and implement it. In object-oriented design, the first steps are to identify the simplest and most widely used objects and processes in the decomposition and to implement them faithfully.
Once you have completed this stage, you often can reuse these objects and processes to implement more complex objects and processes. This hierarchy of objects forms the basis for object-oriented design. Object-oriented design, like top-down design, takes a divide-and-conquer approach. However, instead of decomposing the problem into functional modules, we divide it into entities or things that make sense in the context of the problem being solved. These entities, called objects, collaborate and interact to solve the problem. The code that allows these objects to interact is called a driver program. There are, of course, all of the various ingredients: eggs, milk, flour, butter, and so on.
We also need certain pieces of equipment, such as pans, bowls, measuring spoons, and an oven. The baker is another important entity. All of these entities must collaborate to create a cake. For example, a spoon measures indiObject class class The description of a group of vidual ingredients and a bowl holds a mixture of objects with similar properties and behaviors; a pattern ingredients. for creating individual objects Groups of objects with similar properties and behaviors are described by an object class usually TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Each oven in the world is a unique object. We cannot hope to describe every oven, but we can group oven objects together into a class called oven that has certain properties and behaviors. Like types, object classes have attributes and operations associated with them.
For example, an oven class might have an attribute to specify whether it is gas or electric and operations to turn it on or off and to set it to maintain a desired temperature. With object-oriented design, we determine the classes from the things in the problem as described in the problem statement. We record each object class using a CRC card. From this work, we determine a set of properties attributes and a set of responsibilities operations to associate with each class. With object-oriented design, the functionality of the program is distributed among a set of collaborating objects. Table 1. Once we have defined an oven class, we can reuse it in other cooking problems, such as roasting a turkey. Reuse of classes is an important aspect of modern software development. One major goal of this text is to introduce you to a number of classes that are particularly important in the development of software—abstract data types. We discuss the concept of an abstract data type in detail in Chapter 2.
Throughout the book, we fully develop many abstract data types, and we describe others leaving you to develop them yourself. You may wonder why, if they are already available, we spend so much time on their development. Our goal is to teach you how to develop software. As with any skill, you need to practice the fundamentals before you can become a virtuoso. To summarize, top-down design methods focus on the process of transforming the input into the output, resulting in a hierarchy of tasks. Object-oriented design focuses on the data objects that are to be transformed, resulting in a hierarchy of objects. Grady TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! Underline the verbs if you are after procedural code, the nouns if you aim for an objectoriented program. The nouns become objects; the verbs become operations. In a functional design, the verbs are the primary focus; in an object-oriented design, the nouns are the primary focus. A class is declared in two parts: the specification of the class and the implementation of the class functions.
private: long dollars; long cents; }; A member function is defined like any function with one exception: The name of the class type within which the member is declared precedes the member function name with a double colon in between The double colon operator is called the scope resolution operator. Inserting Items into a Circular List The algorithm to insert an element into a circular linked list is similar to that for the linear list insertion. InsertItem Set newNode to address of newly allocated node Set Info newNode to item Find the place where the new element belongs Put the new element into the list TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine!
The new node is linked into the list immediately after Node predLoc. Figure 6. What are the special cases? First, we have the case of inserting the first element into an empty list. In this case, we want to make listData point to the new node, and to make the new node point to itself Figure 6. In the insertion algorithm for the linear linked list, we also had a special case when the new element key was smaller than any other key in the list. Because the new node became the first node in the list, we had to change the external pointer to point to the new node. Therefore, inserting the smallest list element is not a special case for a circular linked list Figure 6. However, inserting the largest list element at the end of the list is a special case. In addition to linking the node to its predecessor previously the last list node and its successor the first list node , we must modify the external pointer to point to Node newNode —the new last node in the circular list Figure 6.
The statements to link the new node to the end of the list are the same as those for the general case, plus the assignment of the external pointer, listData. Rather than checking for this special case before the search, we can treat it together with the general case: Search for the insertion place and link in the new node. Then, if we detect that we have added the new node to the end of the list, we reassign listData to point to the new node. The resulting implementation of InsertItem is shown here. After the return from FindItem, location points to the node we wish to delete, and predLoc points to its predecessor in the list.
That works for the general case, at least see Figure 6. What kind of special cases do we have to consider? In the linear list version, we had to check for deleting the first or first-and-only element. From our experience with the insertion operation, we might surmise that deleting the smallest element the first node of the circular list is not a special case; Figure 6. However, deleting the only node in a circular list is a special case, as we see in Figure 6. The external pointer to the list must be set to NULL to indicate that the list is now empty. We can detect this situation by checking whether predLoc equals location after the execution of FindItem; if so, the node we are deleting is the only one in the list. We might also guess that deleting the largest list element the last node from a circular list is a special case.
As Figure 6. We can detect this situation by checking whether location equals listData after the search. None of the operations we have looked at so far has become shorter or much simpler when the implementation changed to a circular list. Why, then, might we want to use a circular, rather than linear, linked list? Circular lists are useful for applications that require access to both ends of the list. The circular linked version of the queue in Chapter 5 is a good example of this scenario. Although this structure offers advantages over a simple linear linked list, it remains too limited for certain types of applications. Suppose we want to delete a particular node in a list, given only a pointer to that node location. This task involves changing the next member of the node preceding Node location. As we saw in Chapter 5, however, given only the pointer location, we cannot access its predecessor in the list. Another task that is difficult to perform on a linear linked list is traversing the list in reverse.
For instance, suppose we have a list of student records, sorted by grade point TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine! In such a case, where we need to access the node that precedes a given node, a doubly linked list is useful. In a doubly linked list, the nodes are linked in both directions. Each node of a doubly linked list contains three parts: Info: the data stored in the node Next: the pointer to the following node Back: the pointer to the preceding node Figure 6. Note that the back member of the first node, as well as the next member of the last node, contains a NULL. Finding an Item in a Doubly Linked List In the FindItem function, we no longer need to use the inchworm search; instead, we can get the predecessor to any node through its back member.
We change the FindItem interface slightly. That is, because we no longer need predLoc, we return one pointer, location. If found is true, location points to the node with the same key as item; otherwise, location points to the node that is the logical successor of item. Recall that FindItem is a function template. CONTACT Schamberger Freeway Apt. Topics Such As Modularization, Data Encapsulation, Information Hiding, Object-Oriented Decomposition, Algorithm Analysis, Life-Cycle Software Verification Models, And Data Abstraction Are Carefully Presented To Foster Solid Software Engineering Techniques. In Addition To Real-World Exercises And Case Studies That Define Nell Dale S Teaching Philosophy, This Fifth Edition Provides An Increased Emphasis On Object-Oriented Design And An Early Introduction Of Object-Oriented Concepts.
New And Key Features: Object-Oriented Terminology Now Dominates Computing Vocabulary. Dale Was Careful To Update All ADT Names To Reflect This Terminology. Additional Exercises Have Been Added To Most Chapters.
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View Details. Request a review. Learn more C++ Plus Data Structures is designed for a course in Data Structures where C++ is the programming language. The book focuses on abstract data types as viewed from three 12/04/ · [DOWNLOAD] C++ Plus Data Structures by Nell Dale ~ Book PDF Kindle ePub Free April 12, Post a Comment �� Read Now �� Download Written By Renowned Author 4 Download Pdf Fundamentals Of Data Structures In C cleaning data. Moving on to exploring and analyzing data, you will look at advanced data structures in Python. Then, you cplusdatastructu00dale Full catalog record MARCXML 0 Previews 1 Favorite Purchase options Better World Books DOWNLOAD OPTIONS 1 file ENCRYPTED DAISY For print-disabled All books. Contribute to mytestatoz/Books development by creating an account on GitHub ... read more
Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Additional Exercises Have Been Added To Most Chapters. This approach entails top-down stepwise refinement with an emphasis on objects and data. Suppose we want to delete a particular node in a list, given only a pointer to that node location. Books for People with Print Disabilities.
If you become a software professional, someday you may work as part of a team that develops a system containing tens of thousands, or even millions, of lines of code. Software gets changed in the testing phase. Recall that C-- plus data structures pdf free download is a function template. Read the assignment, and then read it again. To be reusable, software must be well documented and easy to read, so that a programmer can quickly determine whether it can be used for a new project. In this way, you increase the chances that you can reuse the software later. The source code for the completed case studies and the partial source code for the others is also available.
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